تارﺎﻴﺧ
ﺮﺘﺧا .ﺎﻬﻣﻼﺘﺳا ﰎ
.
ءﺎﻬﻧإ
ﺮﺘﺧا ،ﻖﺣﻻ
ﻆﻔﺣ ﺪﻳﺮﺗ ﻲﺘﻟا ﺔﻈﻓﺎﳊاو
تﻮﺻ ﻊﻄﻘﻣ ﻆﻔﺣ
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تارﺎﻴﺧ
ﺮﺘﺧا ،ﺔﻟﺎﺳﺮﻟا ﻆﻔﳊ
.ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺔﻟﺎﺳﺮﻟا
(IM)
א
א
ﺔﻴﺼﻧ ﻞﺋﺎﺳر لﺎﺳرإ ﺐﻴﻟﺎﺳأ ﺪﺣأ (ﺔﻜﺒﺷ ﺔﻣﺪﺧ) ﺔﻳرﻮﻔﻟا ﻞﺋﺎﺳﺮﻟا ﺔﻣﺪﺧ ﺪﻌﺗ
.ﺖﻧﺮﺘﻧﻹا ﺔﻜﺒﺸﺑ ﲔﻠﺼﺘﳌا ﲔﻣﺪﺨﺘﺴﳌا ﻰﻟإ ﺔﻄﻴﺴﺑ ةﺮﻴﺼﻗ
ىﺪﻣ ﺔﻓﺮﻌﳌ .ﺔﻣﺪﳋا ﻲﻓ كاﺮﺘﺷﻻا ﺐﺠﻳ ،ﺔﻳرﻮﻔﻟا ﻞﺋﺎﺳﺮﻟا ةﺰﻴﻣ ماﺪﺨﺘﺳا ﻞﺒﻗ
ﻞﻐﺸﲟ ﻞﺼﺗا ،ﺎﻬﺑ كاﺮﺘﺷﻻاو ،ﺎﻬﻴﻠﻋ لﻮﺼﺤﻠﻟ ﺔﺻﺎﳋا مﻮﺳﺮﻟاو ﺔﻣﺪﳋا هﺬﻫ ﺮﻓﻮﺗ
ﺪﻳﺮﻓ مﺪﺨﺘﺴﻣ ﻢﺳا ﻰﻠﻋ لﻮﺼﳊا ﻪﻟﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﻚﻨﻜﳝ يﺬﻟاو ،ﺔﻣﺪﳋا دوﺰﻣ وأ ﺔﻜﺒﺸﻟا
.ﺔﻣﺪﳋﺎﺑ صﺎﳋا ﻂﺒﻀﻟا ﻰﻟإ ﺔﻓﺎﺿﻹﺎﺑ ﺮﺳ ﺔﻤﻠﻛو
لﻮﺻﻮﻟا
" ﻲﻓ
لﺎﺼﺗﻻا ﻂﺒﺿ
ﺮﻈﻧا ،ﺔﻳرﻮﻔﻟا ﻞﺋﺎﺳﺮﻟا ﺔﻣﺪﳋ بﻮﻠﻄﳌا ﻂﺒﻀﻟا ﲔﻴﻌﺘﻟ
ﻰﻠﻋ صﻮﺼﻨﻟاو زﻮﻣﺮﻟا ﻒﻠﺘﺨﺗ ﺪﻗ .
٤٤
ﺔﺤﻔﺼﻟا "
ﺔﻳرﻮﻔﻟا ﻞﺋﺎﺳﺮﻟا ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻗ ﻰﻟإ
.ﺔﻳرﻮﻔﻟا ﻞﺋﺎﺳﺮﻟا ﺔﻣﺪﺧ ﻰﻠﻋ اًدﺎﻤﺘﻋا ،ﺔﺷﺎﺸﻟا
ﺔﻗﺎﻃ ﺔﻄﺸﻨﻟا ﺔﻳرﻮﻔﻟا ﻞﺋﺎﺳﺮﻟا ﺔﺛدﺎﺤﻣ ﻚﻠﻬﺘﺴﺗ ﺪﻗ ،ﺔﻜﺒﺸﻟا عﻮﻧ ﻰﻠﻋ اًدﺎﻤﺘﻋا
.ﻦﺤﺸﻟا زﺎﻬﺠﺑ ﻒﺗﺎﻬﻟا ﻞﻴﺻﻮﺗ مﺰﻠﻳ ﺪﻘﻓ ﻚﻟﺬﻟو ،عﺮﺳأ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﻒﺗﺎﻬﻟا ﺔﻳرﺎﻄﺑ
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٤٤
א
א
א
ﻞﺋﺎﺳر
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ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻘﻟا
ﺮﺘﺧا ،ﺖﻧﺮﺘﻧﻹﺎﺑ لﺎﺼﺗﻻا مﺪﻋ ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﻲﻓ ﺔﻤﺋﺎﻘﻟا ﻰﻟإ لﻮﺻﻮﻠﻟ
ﻞﺋﺎﺳﺮﻟا ﺔﻣﺪﺧ لﺎﺼﺗا ﻂﺒﺿ ءاﺮﺟﻹ ﻂﺒﺿ ﻦﻣ ﺮﺜﻛأ ﺮﻓﻮﺗ اذإ .
ﺔﻳرﻮﻔﻟا ﻞﺋﺎﺳﺮﻟا
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رﺎﻴﺘﺧا ﻢﺘﻴﻓ ،ﻂﻘﻓ ﺪﺣاو ﻂﺒﺿ ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﰎ اذإ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺑ .بﻮﻠﻄﳌا ﻂﺒﻀﻟا ﺮﺘﺧا ،ﺔﻳرﻮﻔﻟا